这些新词收入了新版《现代汉语规范词典》，写作文你会用吗？

来源：新华社人民日报作者：21ST 日期: 2022-09-05

“共享经济”“弯道超车”“顶层设计”“碳达峰”“碳中和”“最后一公里”“云计算”“新常态” ……这些近年来常见的词语，如今被收入新修订的《现代汉语规范词典》，记录着时代的发展，也映照出壮阔的时代变迁。

近日，国家语言文字工作委员会重点项目《现代汉语规范词典》推出第4版。与8年前的第3版相比，近千条新词语被增补，许多字词有了新义项。

图源：央视新闻

The latest edition of the Standard Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese incorporates about 1,000 new phrases reflecting changes in China's socioeconomic landscapes compared with its last revision eight years ago.

新词汇，反映新时代新气象

“第4版汇集的近千条热词，分布于社会生活的各个角落，真实反映时代前进的步伐。”国家语委咨询委员、《现代汉语规范词典》主编李行健介绍，新版《现代汉语规范词典》收录单字12000余个、词目72000余条、例证80000余条，基本反映了现代汉语词汇面貌。

The Standard Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese, launched in 2004, is now in its fourth edition.

The latest edition incorporates about 1,000 new phrases reflecting changes in China's socioeconomic landscapes compared with its last revision eight years ago. Among these are phrases like "new normal" and "overtaking on the bend."

"The around 1,000 buzzwords were compiled from various aspects of the society, recording the progress of the times," said Li Xingjian, chief editor of the dictionary. He added that the new edition contains more than 12,000 characters and about 72,000 phrases, presenting a comprehensive picture of contemporary Chinese vocabulary.

“初心”“反腐倡廉”“顶层设计”“新常态”“自由贸易区”“粤港澳大湾区”“生态文明”“凝心聚力”“底线思维”“最后一公里”……翻开《现代汉语规范词典》，新时代的气息扑面而来。

“以‘新常态’为例，它体现了党和国家务实、高效、创新的经济治理理念。”中国人民大学经济学院教授王孝松认为，数量众多的经济领域新词热词代表着中国经济的新进展、新优势，反映出中国共产党领导全国人民取得的伟大成就。

云南安宁“稻花鱼”迎来丰收（摄于8月28日）。新华网发（安宁市青龙街道供图）

而在北京大学中文系教授张颐武看来，《现代汉语规范词典》第4次修订体现两个大的趋势，一是经济社会生活中的绿色低碳趋势，二是互联网深刻改变着人们的日常生活。

"The latest version of the dictionary reflects two major trends: the pursuit of green and low-carbon goals in economic and social life, and the significant impact of the internet on our daily life," said Zhang Yiwu, a professor of Chinese language and literature at Peking University.

2010年，“微博”“低碳经济”还是时髦事物，第2版便将其收入；2014年修订时，彼时迅猛发展的“网购”被增补其中。

Terms like "low-carbon economy" and "Weibo," China's microblogging service, were added to the dictionary's second edition in 2010 when the two trendy concepts gained widespread popularity.

In 2014, the phrase "online shopping" was included in the dictionary after the phenomenal development of the e-commerce sector made it familiar to every household.

本次修订，从2021年首次被写入政府工作报告的“碳达峰”“碳中和”，到互联网产业离不开的“云计算”，再到走入千家万户的“移动支付”，一个个新增词语背后，是日新月异的壮阔蓝海——

去年7月16日上线运行的全国碳市场，运行一年来碳排放配额累计成交量1.94亿吨，累计成交金额84.92亿元；

10年前还少人知晓的“云计算”，2021年，市场规模超过3000亿元；

2011年，我国移动支付年交易规模仅有数百亿元，去年已达到527万亿元；

……

9月4日，在服贸会首钢园区金融服务专题展上，一名父亲带着女儿在蚂蚁集团网商银行展台了解数字人民币相关知识。新华社记者李鑫摄

In this edition, new entries include "peak carbon emissions," "carbon neutrality," "cloud computing," and "mobile payments."

The national carbon market has seen a cumulative turnover of 194 million tonnes of carbon emission quotas worth nearly 8.5 billion yuan (about 1.2 billion U.S. dollars) since it became operational in July 2021.

In 2021, China's cloud computing market size surpassed 300 billion yuan. Moreover, the annual transaction scale of mobile payments in China, which was only tens of billions of yuan in 2011, hit 527 trillion yuan in 2021.

“数量可观的新词汇反映着新时代的新创造、新气象。10年来的巨大变革、显著成就是新词汇不断涌现的源泉。”词典出版方外语教学与研究出版社社长王芳说。

The abundance of new words reflects the zeitgeist of the society, said Wang Fang, president of the Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press (FLTRP), the publisher of the dictionary.

"The emergence of new phrases is a result of the tremendous transformations and outstanding accomplishments of the past decade," Wang added.

新词义，彰显老百姓获得感

语言是社会的产物。每一个词义“上新”，都折射社会的发展进步。

比如，“弯道超车”通常指赛车时掌握高超技巧且有勇气的选手在弯道加速超越对手，新版《现代汉语规范词典》则收入了它如今被广为使用的新义项：将困难、风险化作机遇，以超常的方法迎难而上，超越他人。

7月22日，观众在第五届数字中国建设成果展览会上体验模拟赛车。新华社记者　林善传　摄

New terms were coined, and old words also acquired new meanings. This phenomenon is another reminder of how much society has progressed. Among them is the phrase "overtaking on the bend."

The phrase refers to racers with superb skills and courage who surpass their opponents while rounding a bend. In the updated dictionary, it has gained a new figurative connotation of turning difficulties and risks into opportunities, rising to challenges, and outperforming others.

从新能源汽车到网络消费，从5G到高铁，从共享经济到人工智能，中国人的日常雄辩地证明，“弯道超车”不仅是比喻，更是现实。

丰富多彩的社会交往，也在不断为字词增添新义项，创造新用法。

From new energy vehicles to online consumption, 5G, high-speed railways, the sharing economy, and artificial intelligence, the booming emerging industries prove that "overtaking on the bend" is a reality in China.

当“秒杀”“秒光”已被熟练使用，你是否“秒懂”了“秒”字“借指极短的时间（多用作状语）”的新义项？当“刷脸”“刷屏”成为流行语，你是否“刷”出了时代气息？

老百姓的所知所感所想，同样丰富着汉语世界。

“刚需”凝练着市场经济中的基本需求，“慢生活”体现着对美好生活的向往，“逆袭”激励着奋发进取，“脑洞”“脑补”开阔着人们的想象……

教育部语言文字应用管理司原副司长、《现代汉语规范词典》（第四版）修订主持人张世平表示，词语的收录标准之一，是其必须进入了广大民众的语文生活，在社会上有较高的使用度。“新词语的收录反映了社会的发展变化，进一步使语言更加丰富。”张世平说。

One of the most salient criteria for the inclusion of new words in the dictionary is their wide use by the general public, said Zhang Shiping, who is in charge of revising the dictionary. "The inclusion of new words has reflected the development of society, which, in turn, has further enriched the language."

新风尚，展现民族自信心

语言学家吕叔湘曾提出，凡是“现代”词典都要跟上时代，不断修订。每一次修订《现代汉语规范词典》，都在朝着这个方向努力。

在新时代强调传承弘扬中华优秀传统文化的背景下，新版增补了“法不阿贵”“囊萤映雪”“乡梓”“束脩”“举隅”等词语。

王芳表示，中华优秀传统文化是中华民族的根和魂，读者一方面可以从这些词语中领略中华思想文化术语所包含的深刻意蕴，另一方面可以了解传统文化知识，疏通阅读文化典籍的障碍，进而提升文化素养。

8月28日，身穿汉服的游客在欣赏中秋花灯。随着中秋佳节的临近，上海虹桥南丰城热闹非凡，游客在古色古香的繁华街市感受节日氛围，品味传统文化。新华社记者陈飞摄

New phrases stemming from traditional Chinese classics are also added to the dictionary, as the preservation of traditional culture now has greater weight.

Readers can acquire knowledge of Chinese culture and improve their cultural accomplishments by looking up these words in the dictionary, Wang Fang said.

有鉴于增强文化自觉和文化自信的呼唤，此次修订在保持普通话音系的完整性同时，流露“为文脉留一音”的人文情怀。如“房”字提示“在‘阿房宫’中读pánɡ”；“六”字提示“用于地名‘六安’（在安徽）、‘六合’（在江苏）等时，当地人读lù”。

伴随着法治意识的提升，第4版把第3版中的“犯罪人”改为“涉案人员”；有些原来释义区别性不十分准确的法律用语，在新的法律、法规有了明确定义后，也一律“依法”处理。像“扶养”“抚养”“赡养”这3个词语，便根据民法典修订了释义，更换了例句。

“辞书反映着民族的‘集体记忆’。社会不断进步发展，辞书必须及时修订并反映，才不至于使民族的集体记忆太迟缓，甚至‘断片’。”中国辞书学会会长李宇明说，《现代汉语规范词典》的及时修订，记录着社会日新月异的发展，最大限度满足了用户查检的需求，这正是辞书的使命。

"Dictionaries are the collective memory of the nation," said Li Yuming, adding that as society evolves, new entries must be added to ensure this memory stays fresh.

规范使用保障交流顺畅高效

“语言文字是人际间沟通交流的工具，只有规范化才能保障交流顺畅、高效。”辞典修订主持人张世平说，《现代汉语规范词典》作为国家语委重大项目，坚决、全面、系统地贯彻相关规范，其规范性表现在读音规范、字形规范、词汇规范、词形规范等方面。

近年来，一些字的写法、读音问题频受关注。部分热点词语的写法和读音，在《现代汉语规范词典》中都有明确说法。如“说客”的读音问题，《现代汉语规范词典》注为：shuìkè，同时为反映社会语言实际情况，在词条后面注明“现在也读shuōkè”。

张世平说：“语言文字这个符号系统是依靠交流者共同认可的意义而发挥作用的，这就需要对语言文字进行规范。规范化是保障交流顺畅、高效的需要。《现代汉语规范词典》就是为了这个目的而编纂的。”